Guided wave transmission system



July A. G; FOX GUIDED WAVE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Filed Sept. 15. 1955 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 &

| l Q I INVENTOR A. 6. FOX

' ATTORNEY July 22, 1958 A. G. FOX

GUIDED WAVE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM '2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Sept. 15. 1955 mvnvro A. 6. FOX BVh A TTOPNEY *GUIDED WAVE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Arthur G. *Fox, Rumson, N .;J assignorto Bell Telephone f Lztbor-atories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation ofNew York Application'se tember 15, 1955, Serial No. 534,423

16 Claims. (Cl. 33331) This'invention"relates to electromagnetic microwave transmission'systems, andm'ore "particularly to those systems involving elements of gyromagnetic material subject to rapidly varying magnetic fields *for the purpose of achieving continuously variable effects in applications such as amplitude modulation, phase shift, and Faradayetfect'fota'tion.

'Thisap'plication is a continuation in part of'm'y application Serial No. 30 4,609, filed August 1- 5, 1952, which issuedas UisfPatentNo. 2,787,765, on April 2, 1957.

Elements of gyromagnetic material havebeen utilized insidelhollow metallic wave guides toproduce various usean and'unportant elfects'upon wave energy transmitted therethrough. 'For example, in my copending applicationSerial No. 30l 72 6,"filed July 30, 1952, it is'disclosed thatdi fferentialphaseshift-may be obtained by applying -to such an elementa magnetic field transverse to the direction 'of propagation :of 'wave energy. With the differential phaseshifter interposed between two '90-degree phase-shifters the amount of :phase shiftproduced-by the systemmaybe continuously varied by rotating the trans- -verse-fieldabout the direction'of wave propagation. -In a copending application by C. L. Hogan, Serial No. 252,'432,-filed=October 22, 1951, which issued as United States .PatentNo. 2,748,353, on May 29, .1956, a -gyromagnetieFaraday-efie'ct polarization rotator 'is used=to"obtain amplitude modulatiom wherein the polarization of ithe wave energy: is continually-variedzby varying the strength of the-longitudinal magnetic field applied to .the Faraday element. "In these *applicationsgandlothers, it is thus 'de- -sirable tovary the strength or orientation of the-magnetic -fl61d applied tothe-gyrom'a'gnetic element, and it is often advantageous to vary the field rapidly and/or continuously. However,when the magnetic 'field=is =s'o varied, 'eddy currents areset upin -the metallic wave guide sheath =which tend to prevent the magnetic field from penetrating the gyromagnetic element. lnetficient operation results as a consequence. It has been found that even where a relatively 1 low frequency of magnetic field vari- :ation is desired, as-in some modulation applications,=the eddy current efie'ct issufiicimt to impair ope'ration con- Psiderably.

Itlis antobject of the -invention, therefore, to rapidly and/or continuously vary the magnetic field 'applie'd to a gyromagnetic element in a microwave transmission system without the deleteriousinterference of eddy currents. It. has=been recognized in a dielectric rod wave guide that although a substantial portion of the Wave'energy ispropagatedina rather unusual fieldco'nfiguration about "ice the dielectric, the field inside the dielectricrodconforms closely to those modes of propagationexpected in a metal tube wave guide. In addition it :has been .discovered that if a'sectionof the unsheathed dielectric guide is composed of gyro'magnetic material, the amount of wave energy propagated inside the gyromagnetic material is sufficient to be substantially affected by the permeability of the material and variations in permeability caused by an applied magnetic field. As a consequence all the usual effects of gyromagnetic material, under the influence of a magnetic field may be observed though the gyromagnetic material is not .within a metallicwave guide but rather serves as the wave guide itself. In this situation the-eddy current problemvanishes.

These and other objects and features of :the "present invention, the :nature of "the -.invention;and its advantages, will appear more fully upon consideration :of the various specific-illustrative embodiments :shown in the accompanying drawings :and of "the following :detailed description.

In the drawings: I

Fig. 1.1 is a perspective view of an unsheathed gyromagnetic anicrowa-ve component operative 'with an applied transverse ma-gnet'ic field;

Figs. 2a and 2b represent alternative modificationso'f Fig. l in accordance with the'invention; and

Fig. 3 issa perspective view of an unsheathed -gyromagnetic microwave component operative with arr-applied longitudinalmagnetic' field. i

In more detail, Fig. 1 is a phase changer, givenby'way of example for purposes of illustration, with the conductiveisheath removed inaccordancewvith :the invention and employs the all-dielectric wave guide techniques disclosed in my copending applications Serial No. 274,313, filed March '1, 1-952, and SeriaLNo. 450,626, filed August 18, 1954. 'As therein disclosed, electromagnetic wave energy, -vv'henproperly launched upon a strip or rod of all-dielectric material, .i. e., arod without ,a couductive sheath, will be guided by'the rod with a portion of the energy conducted .in a "field surrounding' the rod. IItlhas been 'determinedthat the gyromagnetic materials'herein considered may also serve as guiding structures. Because these materials have a much higher index .ofrefraction th-a'nthe "more commonly employed dielectric materials, a'suificient amount of the wave energy will travel within the gyromagnetic material to be substantially affected .by its'permeability. Althoughthe entire pattern ,o'fthe wave energy *tield'c'onfi'guration is of a rather unusual form, that portion of .the field pattern inside the .gyromagnetic material will substantially conform to thedominant mode patternif excited by the dominant mode. Therefore, va diflerential'phase shift'willbe introduced ,to the-energy by planes of different permeability.

'In'Fig. "l dominant mode energy in rectangularmetallic guide 1 1 is coupled to dielectric guide vl2 of round cross section by means of hornl3lcomprising. arfiared out endof guide '11. Dielectric .rod 12.is .pushedthrough horn "13 to extend several wavelengths into guide .11. The matchfbetween guide'll and guide.12.is. improvedby providing 'aJtaper'I4, extending along severalwavelengths of the portion of guide 12 within guide '11. Guide .17. may consist'of any dielectric material havingadielectric constant substantially different. from that of air, s uch.as

3 polyfiex, polyethylene, to mention only two specific materials. Guide 12 is joined, as a continuation thereof, to rod 15 of gyromagnetic material having a round cross sectional dimension similar to that of guide 12.

Since, as noted above, gyromagnetic guide 15 has a much higher index of refraction than the adjoining dielectric guide 12, a tapered joint 16 extending along several wavelengths is desirably employed at the point of junction of two materials to prevent excessive radiation losses. A similar taper 17- connects the other end of nected by horn 19 to rectangular metallic guide 20."

Permanent magnet structures 21 and 22 are located at spaced points on rod 15 with their pole pieces'inclined at degrees to the polarization of wave energy in guides 11 and 20. Interposed between magnets 21 and 22 are four solenoids 23, 24, 25 and 26 which may be symmetrically arranged upon a suitable supporting structure about the center portion of rod 15. Opposite solenoids may be connected together in pairs to sources of exciting current to produce a rotating magnetic field transverse 'to the center portionof rod 15. When the strength of the magnetic field supplied by magnets 21 and 22 is adjusted to produce a 90-degree diiferential phase shift in the portion of rod 15 excited by these magnets, and when the field strength supplied by solenoids 23, 24, 25 and 26 is adjusted to produce a ISO-degree differential phase shift in the center portion of rod 15, the single gyromagnetic element 15 serves the three functions of converting thelinearly polarized wave into a circularly polarized wave, rotating the instantaneous polarization of the circularly polarized wave, and reconverting the rotated circularly polarized wave into a linearly polarized wave. If the direction of the magnetic field applied by the solenoids is rotated by an angle 0, the phase shift of elec- I ferromagnetic rod 15 to dielectric guide 18 which is contromagnetic wave energy through the device will change by 20. Therefore, if 0 is continually varied by rotation of the magnetic field, a continuous change in phase will be produced Element 15 may be a block of gyromagnetic material of the type exhibiting a Faraday-effect rotation when in the presence of a longitudinal magnetizing field. These materials comprise an iron oxide with a quantity of the oxide ofnickel, magnesium, zinc, manganese, or other similar material in which the other oxides combine with the iron oxide in a spinel structure. This material is known as a ferromagnetic spinel or a ferrite. On the basis of their electrical properties, a particularly suitable designation of this'class of materials is gyromagnetic to designate materials having magnetic moments capable of being aligned by an external magnetic field and capable of exhibiting the precessional motion of a gyroscopic pendulum.

As a specific example, element 15 may be a cylindrical block of nickel-zinc ferrite prepared in the manner disclosed in the above-mentioned copending application of C. L. Hogan. It has been determined that when these materials are magnetized by a strong transverse magnetic field, they exhibit a permeability constant of one value for electromagnetic waves having their magnetic vectors polarized parallel to the magnetizing field and a difierent value for electromagnetic waves having their magnetic vectors polarized perpendicular to the magnetizing field. This effect may theoretically be explained by the assumption that the ferromagnetic material contains unpaired electron spins which tend to line up with the applied magnetizing field. An electromagnetic wave having its magnetic vector in the direction of the magnetizing field (the electric vector perpendicular tothe' magnetizing field) will be unable to reorient the electron spins to any appreciable extent and, hence, will see a permeability close to unity. A wave having its: magnetic vector at right angles to the magnetizing field will cause the electron spinsto precess about the of the magnetizing field in synchronism with the applied electromagnetic wave. Such a wave will see a permeability substantially different from unity because the precessing spins now yield a component of radio frequency flux density along the waves magnetic vector. The amount of difference from unity will be determined by the strength of the magnetizing field.

Since the phase velocity of a wave passing through a material depends upon the permeability of the material, a wave traversing the gyromagnetic material of element 15, in the region subject to the transverse magnetic field of permanent magnet 21, with its electric vector polarized parallel to the magnetic field will exhibit a higher phase velocity than the wave polarized perpendicular to the magnetic field. An element having this property, namely, the ability to transmit two sets of waves polarized at right angles to one another with diiferent speeds, will produce two different phase delays for the two polarizations and, accordingly, may be termed a differential phase shift element. The value of this phase shift difference for a ferromagnetic element is approximately proportional to the volume of the material traversed by the waves and to the intensity of the magnetization to which the material is subjected. it may be shown by mathematical analysis for an infinite ferrite medium where the frequency of the wave energy is much greater than the gyromagnetic resonance frequency that this phase difference expressed in radians is substantially given by the expression 14 l IH [up 1 1%,

in which I is the thickness of the material in meters, e is the dielectric contant of the material, is its permeability without exciting magnetic field, M is the saturation magnetization of the material, H is the exciting magnetic field, w represents the frequency of the wave energy and 'y is the spectroscopic splitting factor of the material. In the case of the ferrite wave guide, the phase difference will have much the same dependence upon these'parameters as given in the above expression. In accordance with the invention, the diiferential phase shifts of element 15 in the region of permanent magnets 21 and 22 are made equal to degrees and the differential phase shift in the region of the solenoid is made equal to degrees, by properly choosing the thickness and length of element 15 and the strength of the magnetic field applied to each region, either by calculations in accordance with the above expression, or by adjustments on an empirical basis.

By way of illustrating the applications of the all-dielectric wave guide techniques in accordance with the invention, all of the three differential phase shift functions described above were performed in a single gyromagnetic element. However, it should be noted that separate gyromagnetic elements may be used each separated from the other by a section of dielectric guide. On the other hand only the ISO-degree differential section may comprise an unsheathed ferromagnetic element while the 90- degree sections preceding and following it may be situated beyond dielectric guides 12 and 18for example, within metallic guides 11 and 20. Horns 13 and 19 and tapers 14 would still be employed to launch the now circularly polarized waves upon the dielectric wave guides 12 and 18.

As noted above, tapered joints 16 and 17 are employed to prevent mismatches between the dielectric guides 12 and 18 and the gyromagnetic rod 15. As illustrated in -Fig. 1 these tapers comprise conical points on the ends of guides 12 and 18 which fit into corresponding conical depressions in the ends of rod 15. Other methods of matching the materials may be employed. For example, the index of refraction of the dielectric material of guides 12 and 18 could be made the same as the index of refraction of the gyromagnetic material. This'would tend to maintain the external field of the energy conveyed along the combination at a constant diameter. .Alternatively, if the index of refraction of the magnetic material iS higher :than that tot :the' dielectric material, rthe Ffield :of thelenergyqmay be :maintained constant :by providing the dielectric :rod with a :proportionately :larger :diameter than the :diameter of :the magnetic rod as shown in Figs. 2a and 2b. The :transition :between .the :two .diameters may be made, for example as shown in Fig. 2a, .by providingrthe dielectric ;-rods Y531 and .32 "with conical points, such as .33., to fit Within a corresponding depression in :magneticrod34. Thecentereore of rods 31and 32 may then -be .drilled out or ,otherwise removed. In 'Fig. 2b .the transition is made :by providing conical regions of :equal .taper -.upon:the .threerods 35, 3.6 and 37, those of rods 35 and 36 being truncated, and then providingcorresponding conical depressions in the apex surfaces of the :truncated conical regions of dielectric rods 35 and 36 to receive the points .38 and 39, respectively, of magneticrod 37.

-In Fig. .3 an amplitude modulator similar -.to that disclosed in the :above-mentioned vcopending application by (3.]... Hogan is represented for purposes of example and illustration. The modulator depends upon'the use of an .unsheathed Faraday-effect polarization rotator in accordance with the invention in conjunction with horizontally oriented dissipative vanes of resistive material. The vanes will .pass vertically polarized components of wave energy but .Will dissipate .horizontal components. By varying the wave polarization with the Faraday rotator the magnitude .of the vertical components will vary,v andthus the ampli- .tude of the wave propagated past the vanes will be modulated. The Faraday rotator hereinafter .to be described is .unsheathed in order to achieve efficient modulation at any frequency-of applied magnetic field desired.

Considering the 'Faraday-efiect rotator section of the modulator, element-'41 is an unsheathed cylindrical rod of .gyromagnetic material similar to element of Fig. 1. This structure is a means of the type which produces rotation of the plane of polarization of transmitted electromagnetic waves, i. e., a Faraday-'eifectelement having such properties that an incident wave impressed upon a first side of the element emerges on the second side polarized at a difi'erent'anglefrom the original wave. As a specific embodiment, element 41 may be a block of gyromagnetic material, for example nickle-zinc ferrite prepared in the manner disclosed in the above-mentioned copending appli'cation of C. "L. Hogan. This'material has been found to operate satisfactorily as a directionally selective Faraday-effect rotator for polarized electromagnetic waves When placedinthe presence of a longitudinal magnetizing field of strength which is readily produced in practice and in such thickness is capable of transmitting electromagnetic Waves, for example in the centimeter range, with substantially negligible attenuations. Suitable means for producing the necessary longitudinal magnetic field surrounds =element 4 1 which :means maybe a solenoid 44 supplied by :a variable energizing current from source 45 taken by 'way of contact arm 46 off potentiometer 47. T-Iihe angle of rotation aof polarized electromagnetic waves in such magnetic material is approximately directly proportional to the thickness and length of the material traversed by the waves and to the intensity of the magnetization to which the material is subjected, whereby it .is possible to adjust the amount of rotation by varying or properly choosing the thickness and length of element 41 and the intensity of magnetization supplied by solenoid 44 by adjustment of potentiometer 4'7.

A source of modulating potentials 48 is arranged in series with solenoid 44 being connected thereto through a suitable transformer 49.

With the potentiometer arm 46 set permanently 'at an intermediate position on the potentiometer 47., and in the absence of modulating potentials an intermediate amount of polarization rotation is introduced, for example 45 degrees. Application of modulating potentials from .the source 48 serves .to vary the magnetizing current in solenoid 44, thereby alternately increasing and pose as discussed above in Fig. l.

decreasing :the .amount of polarization :rotati'on 1 produced about the reference -;degree .valu'e.

lOn eachtside .of the il-iaraday-eiiectrrotator 1is an unsheathed all-dielectric-cylindrical rod and 51, which is 'forrnedas a continuation of unshielded )gyro'm'agnetic element '41 and .is contiguous thereto .in the fmanner'of .any .of the suggested illustrative arrangements 'of Figs.

ends of dielectric guides I50 and :51 form conical :tapers 52 and 53 extending several'wavelengths. The tapered regions are inserted in round metallic sheathwave guides 54 and 55 which end in outwardly tfiaring horns 5'6 and 57 in a similar manner and for zthe :same :matching pur- Guides 54 and .55 taper to form a-transition to rrectangular guides 58 and 359 Whose short sides are verticalso as to sustain vertically polarized waves. Horizontally disposed across the diameters ofeach of .round guidesi54 .and.55 is a dissipative vaneof resistive material, trespectively 60-and 61.

:In the operation of the modulator, vertically polarized Waves .in the TE .mode entering guide 58 .will be launched .in round guide I54 vertically polarized in the TE mode. All .componentsof the wavesbeing perpendicular to .thethorizontal resistive vane 60, they will pass thereby .uneffected and will .be launched in and about dielectric guide 60; the portion of the field pattern inside the dielectric .rod remaining linear and transverse and otherwisesimilar to the TE .mode. On passing through gyromagnetic element 41, and thus the Faraday-effect rotator, the polarization of the waves will vary about a FS-degree value due to the variation in permeability .in gyromagnetic element 41 caused by the variation in the applied magnetic 'field responsive to the modulating potentials. The polarization modulated waves are then guided'by dielectric rod 51 exciting round metallic guide 55in 'theTE mode. The polarization modulated waves, on passing resistive vane 61become amplitude modulated since only the vertical components will pass; the energy associated with the horizontal components being dissipated in vane 61. The vertically polarized amplitude modulated waves then are supported'inrectangular guide '59 in the TE mode. Wavestrammittedin the opposite direction would be operated upon in precisely the same manner.

It may be noted inboth Fig. 1 "and Fig. 3 that the unsheathed "rod of gyromagnetic material is -coupled at each end to metallic 'Wave guide sections through the medium of the 'unshea'thed all-dielectric rods. Utilizing the interposed dielectric rods permits the transmission of 'waves from the metallic guide to the phase shifter 'or Faraday rotator, as the case may be, with a minimum amount of attenuation. However, it may be convenient structurally to dispense with the dielectric rods and taper the ends of the gyromagnetic element itself so that it may be dire'ctly inserted and coupled to the metallic guides. The additional attenuation resulting from wave energy traversing an extra length of gyromagnetic material rather than the all-dielectric rod may be tolerated in some uses of the embodiments of Figs. 1 and 3 and other applications of the invention. When this is the case, the direct coupling may be advantageously utilized.

.An advantage over the prior art is afforded by the invention other than the elimination of interfering eddy currents. 'It is the case that any given polarized gyromagnetic material used in a metallic wave guide as a Faradayaeftect rotator produces an angle of rotation that increases non-linearly with frequency. This phenomenon decreases the efiiciency of systems utilizing the Faraday rotator, suchas isolators and modulators, when operated over a wide band of frequencies. However, it has been ascertained that when the gyromagnetic material is unsheathed, the amount of rotation produced isindependent of frequency if the operating frequency is much higher than t-he resonance frequency of the .gyrom'agnetic material. Therefore, if it is otherwise desirable to operate at those high frequencies, an unshielded Faraday rotator in accordance with the invention, used at those frequencies, would be a broad-band device.

In all cases, it is understood that the above-described arrangements are simply illustrative of a small number of-many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the principles of the invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can readily be devised in accordance with said principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

1. An electromagnetic wave transmission system comprising first and second wave guiding sections of alldielectric material, a wave guiding section comprising dielectric material having gyromagnetic properties interposed longitudinally between said first and second sections, said gyromagnetic section having one end contiguous to said first section and the other contiguous to said second section, means for applying a magnetic field to said gyromagnetic section, and a medium consisting solely of dielectric material separating said gyromagnetic wave guiding section from said means and surrounding said first and second sections, said dielectric medium having a dielectric constant substantially difierent from that of said gyromagnetic and first and second sections, whereby a substantial portion of the wave power is conveyed in an electromagnetic field surrounding said sections.

2. A combination as recited in claim 1 wherein said magnetic field is applied transverse to the longitudinal axis of said gyromagnetic section and rotatable there about.

3. A combination as recited in claim 1 wherein said magnetic field is of variable strength and applied longitudinally to said gyromagnetic section.

4. A combination as recited in claim 1 wherein said means for applying said magnetic field is longitudinally coextensive with said gyromagnetic section circumscribing said gyrornagnetic section and at least a portion of said electromagnetic field surrounding said gyromagnetic section.

5. An electromagnetic wave transmission system comprising first and second all-dielectric wave guiding rods, a Wave guiding rod of gyromagnetic material interposed longitudinally between said first and second all-dielectric rods, said gyromagnetic rod having one end contiguous to said first rod and the other contiguous to said second rod, 2. medium consisting entirely of dielectric material having a dielectric constant substantially different from that of said first, second and gyromagnetic rods, said medium surrounding and contiguous to all said rods to form a dielectric discontinuity laterally bounding said rods, whereby a substantial portion of the wave power is conveyed in an electromagnetic field surrounding said rods, and means for applying a magnetic field to said gyromagnetic rod, said means being disposed in said medium.

6. A combination as recited in claim 5 wherein the cross sectional dimensions of all of said rods are equal.

7. A combination as recited in claim 5 wherein said gyromagnetic rod has a higher index of refraction than said first and second all-dielectric rods and has a cross sectional diameter less than that of said first and second rods, whereby said electromagnetic field surrounding all of said rods remains constant in diameter.

8. A combination as recited in claim 5 wherein each end of said gyromagnetic rod forms a conical point and said ends of said first and second rods contiguous to the ends of said gyromagnetic rods have conical depressions to receive said conical points.

9. A combination as recited in claim 7 wherein each end of said gyromagnetic rod has a conical depression,

said ends of said first and second rods contiguous to the ends of said gyromagnetic rod forming conical points to fit in said conical depressions, said first and second rods also having longitudinally disposed cylindrical cavities radially symmetric about the longitudinal axis of said first and second rods.

10. A combination as recited in claim 7 wherein each end of said gyromagnetic rod forms a conical point, the ends of said first and second rods contiguous to said gyromagnetic rod forming truncated right conical regions, the apex surfaces of said truncated conical regions having conical depressions to receive said pointed ends of said gyromagnetic rod.

11. An electromagnetic wave transmission system comprising in combination a wave guiding section of dielectric material having gyromagnetic properties, a first means at one end of saidvsection for exciting said section with said electromagnetic waves when said waves are transmitted in a given direction and excitable by said section with said waves when said waves are transmitted in a direction opposite to said given direction, a second means at the opposite end of said section for exciting said section with said waves transmitted in a direction opposite to said given direction and excitable by said'section with said waves when said waves are transmitted in said given direction, a medium of dielectric material surrounding said gyromagnetic wave guiding section having a dielectric constant substantially less than said section, and means for applying a magnetic field to said section, said means being disposed in said medium, said combination having a substantially uniform resistivity from substantially the longitudinal axis of said wave guiding section radially to said means.

12. A dilierential phase shifting microwave component comprising first and second means for converting between circular and linear polarizations, a wave guiding rod of dielectric material having gyromagnetic properties interposed between said first and second means, a medium consisting solely of dielectric material surrounding and contiguous to said rod and extending away therefrom a finite distance, and means disposed in said medium for applying a rotatable magnetic field to said gyromagnetic rod transverse to the longitudinal axis of said rod.

13. A polarization rotating 'microwave component comprising a wave guiding rod of dielectric material having gyromagnetic properties, a medium consisting solely of dielectric material surrounding said rod and having a dielectric constant substantially difierent from said rod, and means disposed in said medium for applying a magnetizing field of variable strength to said rod in a direction parallel to said rods longitudinal axis.

14. In an electromagnetic Wave transmission system a wave guiding section of dielectric material having gyromagnetic properties, a medium consisting solely of dielectric material having a dielectric constant substantially different from said section, said medium surrounding and contiguous to said section and extending away therefrom a finite distance, means disposed in said medium for applying a magnetic biasing field to a region of said gyromagnetic section, said region being disposed between the two ends of said section, and a plurality of electromagnetic Wave components coupled to each end of said gyromagnetic section.

15. An electromagnetic phase shifter comprising a wave guiding member of all-dielectric material, a wave guiding member of dielectric material having gyromagnetic properties interposed in a center portion of said all-dielectric member, a medium consisting solely of dielectric material having a substantially difierent dielectric constant from said all-dielectric and gyromagnetic members surrounding and contiguous to said members and extending away therefrom a finite distance, means on the input side of said gyromagnetic member for converting said wave energy from linear to circular polarization,

means on the output side thereof for reconverting to linear polarization, and means disposed in said medium for applying a magnetic field to said gyromagnetic member, said field being transverse to and rotatable about the axis of the direction of propagation of wave energy through said gyromagnetic member.

16. For use in an electromagnetic wave energy transmission system, a combination comprising a wave guiding section of dielectric material having gyromagnetic properties to propagate said wave energy, a medium consisting entirely of dielectric material having a substantially different dielectric constant from said gyromagnetic section surrounding and contiguous to said section and extending away therefrom a finite distance, and means disposed in said medium for applying a magnetic biasing field to said gyromagnetic section.

"10 References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES N. B. S. Magnetic Attenuator, Technical News Bulletin of The National Bureau of Standards, August 1951, pp. 110-11. 

